Swerd, regarding COVID, my co-worker sent me this. It looks interesting. I don't know how much truth there is in it. It could just be a big plug for the cannabis industry. Feel free to critique it.
As a complement to vaccines, small-molecule therapeutic agents are needed to treat or prevent infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, which cause COVID-19. Affinity selection–mass spectrometry ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
I read that paper last night. I thought it would help me nod off to sleep, but it turned out to be a decent paper that was interesting. The authors, from the Linus Pauling Institute, Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, and the Dept. of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology at the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland did a decent job with their scientific methods and writing – I can't criticize them. I never heard of the Journal of Natural Products before, but it's a journal of the American Chemical Society which is a solid organization.
The authors used mass screening methods in hemp extracts for chemical compounds that could bind (ligands) to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. They found several cannabinoid ligands and measured their ability to bind the spike protein. Two of these cannabinoid compounds with the highest affinities for the spike protein were cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Further experiments confirmed that they could block infection of human epithelial cells by a pseudovirus expressing the spike protein.
The Kd values (binding constants) for the binding of CBGA and CBDA to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit were determined using equilibrium dialysis. The Kd values for CBGA and CBDA were 19.8 ± 2.7 and 6 ± 2.2 μM, respectively. (Kind of high – see my comments below)
More experiments were done with viruses and cells to see if CBDA or CBGA could prevent infection by blocking SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. From these experiments, the concentrations of cannabinoids that reduced virus infections by half (IC 50) was 24 and 37 μg/mL.
Although these concentrations may not mean much to the non-scientist, they are kind of high for concentrations that are achievable in the blood for drugs given to people. I'd rather see those numbers at roughly 100- to 1000-fold lower concentrations than what they observed with cell cultures in dishes.
That's the only thing I can criticize about the paper. It's something the authors didn't try to hide. They freely admitted this:
Our infection inhibition assay results clearly indicate that CBDA and CBGA are both able to block cell entry by SARS-CoV-2. The concentrations needed to block infection by 50% of viruses is high but might be clinically achievable.
That's the big unanswered question:
How much cannabinoids would a person have to take in, and for how long, before CBDA or CBGA could prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2?
Here's
a link to the full paper, with all it's figures. I liked the clever molecular cartoon shown in the paper's introduction: