Some companies don't list their specs. at the -3 dB downpoint, so you have to be careful in interpreting that. Once you start reading a little bit more about bass and subwoofers, you'll come to the point where you'll be able to distinguish whether a listed spec is horse **** or not.
Looking at warpdrive's post the Earthquake doesn't look to good.
As far as your comment about "woof" and air movement, you're right. How that is figured is taking the area of the cone (pi r squared) and multiply by excursion of the cone. And then compare that to another sub using the same mathematical procedure. The problem is, a passive radiator works in much the same way as a port does in a ported sub. You see in a ported sub (i'm going to use these figures just as an example) above say 32 Hz the sound will be coming from the woofer. When the frequency falls below the ported frequency, almost all of the sound is coming from the port. Indeed if you were to look at the woofer on a ported sub that is playing a deep frequency, you will notice that the woofer is not moving at all. But stick your hand over the port for some entertainment. Basically this is also how the passive radiator operates as well, so you see both woofers aren't really powering the sub at the same time. If it were it would be two active woofers.
As far as your other question, yeh...I'm with takeereasy on this one. Generally, it is best to make your speaker purchase first and build your system around that. But if you find a bargain on a subwoofer (other than the Earthquake - see warpdrive's specs), I would go with it. Especially if it's a really good bargain. Remember you can always tune the sub with a parametric eq. to your system. Since your starting from scratch, I can't emphasize enough to spend the bulk of the money on speakers (roughly 40 - 50% of your budget).Remember a good rule of thumb is spend according to where the signal is compared to your ears (i.e. speakers (and sub), room treatment if possible, amplifier and pre/pro, and finally dvd/cd player).
And last but not least, yeh...I think it's dangerous to buy used equip. (or even new for that matter) without being able to test them for defects.