Unless Marantz uses some weird circuitry, the A and B speaker terminals are parallel, through the selector switch, as you pointed out. In theory, the protection circuit should have prevented any damage to the speakers or amp- I have seen woofers blow because of too much power, but not from a short across the speaker terminals on an amp.
Since this happened when a turntable was being used, I'll ask what nobody else has- was the needle dropped (or the turntable bumped) when the amp turned on? What about volume and tone control settings? If the volume and bass were turned up when the amp turned on and the record had strong bass response and possibly a warp, it could have killed the woofers.
These speakers have 5" mid/woofers- speaker manufacturers need to stop putting two sets of terminals on speakers that won't handle a boatload of bass or power.
Not to belabor the point, but using two sets of wire and connecting them to either one or two sets of terminals that are coming from the same amplifier channels only serves to move the location of that gold strap. It might add a tiny bit of resistance, but it still accomplishes the same thing and the effect will be negligible, if it exists at all.
Have you pressed on the mid/woofer cones, yet? You could gently press with your fingers evenly spaced on the cone, near the center. If you hear anything crunchy, this happened quickly and it should have made some kind of sound, even if Direct Current came from the amplifier. If that had happened, the cone would move in or out but it wouldn't have remained still.