Cat-5e and Cat-6 cables are fully capable of 10Gb/s transfer of data, but not at the full 100m (328') which they are rated to carry a 1Gb/s signal.
Distances drop off rather quickly, but often residential installations have cables which are under 50' in length. This opens up the much higher data rates for the distances which are commonly used in residential systems.
Found this link:
https://www.universalnetworks.co.uk/blog/10gbaset-can-this-be-run-over-cat5e/
It indicates 10Gb/s is supported up to 45m (about 150') which is much longer than the typical residential run of cat-5e cabling.
I use cat-5e throughout my home and with my 1080p content I haven't had any issues (3.3Gb/s) with video transmission. I am just starting to deal with 4K at 10Gb/s over the same cabling.
18Gb/s currently uses a real time CODEC to get 2:1 compression and fall within the 10Gb/s transmission window.
I think all of this is about chip sets which are better at error correction. It certainly has been working in my home so far. At some point I will have some 4K/30 sources going out over my setup and we will have a better idea of what my existing cabling is capable of.