While I would love it if I could depend on people to do the right thing out of the goodness of their hearts, I don't trust in it. People usually do the thing that saves them the most money.
So...excluding the very real danger of a program administrated by politicians, the way to improve the environment is to make some things more expensive and funnel the extra cash towards other programs.
Increase the tax on gas by $3 a gallon and funnel the cash to alternative transportation.
Increase the tax on electricity and gas and funnel the cash towards alternative heating/solar electricity.
At soon as it hurts your wallet, you'll find ways to be more efficient and true capitalism will kick in. Cars will become more efficient, building materials will become more energy efficient, etc. Harness the joys of capitalism by making certain luxuries more expensive. This is sort of a european approach but hopefully with more efficiency.
Same thing could apply to recycling and other areas. It worked in CA for smoking
Of course the obvious downside is the funneling of the money. I'm with many others on this subject, if you're going to tax me, use the money wisely.