Yah, but for the most part them are thin vinyl and single layer glass, and aren't know to close and seal very well... I don't have any storm doors on our house, I wish we did have something that closed by itself, I can't count the times my kids have walked in the house and left one of the doors open, the alarm beeps when they are open for a long period of time other wise they would probably stay like that until me or my wife noticed... We have double/double + glass side doors in our foyer, so there is 2 full size doors that are like 3"s thick {super secure} BUT then a strip of glass on each side of the door lol, my wife picked it out, its nice and ornate but super heavy to open, you can not just go buy door knobs, they shake the house if you slam them, and anyone can just bread a pane of glass on the side of them and be in the house faster than picking the lock... I call it the oxy moron door, its super secure but surrounded by glass...
Anyway, yah I guess a storm door can insulate well enough, but I would image the glass and plastic would shed heat into the house on a warm day pretty good...