I just measured the spindle on my Thorens 125 MK II, the same model as yours at 0.283 with my screw Vernier scale. The hole standard for LPs in 0.286, which gives plenty of clearance. If you have records that are not fitting the spindle, then they are out of spec. I don't know where you source your discs, but they are probably poorly manufactured Far Eastern discs.
Almost all my discs are European pressings, from either the old UK DECCA or EMI plants. Many came from the superb Philips plant in Eindhoven, Holland, which latterly pressed most of the discs for the European companies. I do have some US pressings from CBS. I can't recall having a rogue disc pressing like you describe. I have not bought an LP for many years. Pre CD I bought mainly European pressings and imported them from Europe. US pressings on the whole were very inferior. Especially true of US EMI angel, so I made sure I had European HMV pressings.
I suspect your issue is that the Far Eastern turntables have spindles slightly below spec. to accommodate sloppy manufacture.
So, leave your Thorens turntable alone, and modify the rogue discs. Any LP properly manufactured to spec, will fit on your Thorens with ease. If does not, it is rogue.