Coronavirus

[Swerd]

A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection - Nature Communications

Vaccines and targeted therapeutics for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are currently lacking. Here, the authors report a human monoclonal antibody capable of neutralizing both authentic SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 by targeting a common epitope.

www.nature.com

Can someone smarter than me translate science to English please?
@Swerd @TLS Guy

This article describes how a single monoclonal antibody can block coronavirus entry into cells, grown in lab culture. In this sense, the antibody neutralizes the virus by preventing it's entry into infection host cells.

To understand this it is also necessary to understand these terms:

An antigen is a molecule, or a fragment of a molecule, that is the target of an immune response. Each antibody is specifically produced by the immune system to match an individual antigen after cells in the immune system come into contact with it. This allows a precise identification or matching of the antigen and the initiation of a tailored response. An antibody is said to "match" an antigen in the sense that it can bind to it due to an adaptation in a region of the antibody. Because of this, many different antibodies are produced, each able to bind a different antigen while sharing the same basic structure. In most cases, an antibody can only react to and bind one specific antigen; in some instances, however, antibodies may cross-react and bind more than one antigen. Antigens are also known as also known as epitope, domain, etc.

Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies produced by different B cells within the body. They are a collection of antibodies that react against a specific foreign molecule (antigen), each identifying a different epitope within that molecule. Typically, polyclonal antibodies are produced by injecting a foreign protein, virus particle, or bacteria, into an lab animal or human vaccine recipient. The foreign protein is large enough, when cut into fragments, to produce numerous different antigens, and stimulate the immune system to produce numerous different antibodies. It is important to remember that antibodies raised by immunizing animals are polyclonal – they're a complex mixture of antibodies that can often 'neutralize' an infection. For viral infections, these polyclonal antibodies can adhere to the surface of viral particles, and cause them to be cleared from the blood.

Monoclonal antibodies, in contrast to polyclonal antibodies, are derived from a single B cell line. They were developed in the lab to use as more specific tools than polyclonal antibodies. But they are beginning to be developed for medical treatments. Often, they do not 'neutralize' an infection or clear the virus particles.

Neutralizing antibody is an antibody that defends a cell from a pathogen or infectious particle by neutralizing any effect it has biologically.

Back to the paper you linked. The authors report finding a human monoclonal antibody identified from a patient who survived SARS-CoV-2 infection, that acts as a neutralizing antibody for virus infection, when tested in lab grown cells. The monoclonal antibody is specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1B subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein (S). This is state of the art stuff, hence the publication in a very good journal, Nature.

 

[Swerd]

Now the Oxford group at the Jenner Institute, have a novel approach. They have taken an adenovirus, from monkeys that cause an asymptomatic infection in humans, and spliced in the DNA instructions to make antibody to hopefully. the correct antigen on Covid 19. So that when an individual is exposed to Covid 19 the instructions are already there to immediately start making neutralizing antibodies. This group have successfully used this to immunize individual against Middle Eastern Respiratory virus (MERS). This virus is another corona virus, and according to the Oxford group shares 80% of Covid 19"s structure.

I'm confused by your statement, marked with bold text above.

Do you mean to say that Oxford Group's recombinant adenovirus contains the DNA sequence of

the spike (S) protein from SARS-CoV-2​

- or -​

a human antibody directed against the S protein​

I was under the impression that it was the S protein.

 

[Gmoney]

Slow this week so far

 

[Kvn_Walker]

Slow this week so far

Sadly no news but more infected and more dead. Hoping for some breakthrough.

 

[TLS Guy]

I'm confused by your statement, marked with bold text above.

Do you mean to say that Oxford Group's recombinant adenovirus contains the DNA sequence of

the spike (S) protein from SARS-CoV-2​

- or -​

a human antibody directed against the S protein​

I was under the impression that it was the S protein.

Well it would be the latter. The trick is to make the human cells make neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Lets all hope it works. Hopefully by early next month we will have crucial information, on whether this novel vaccine can produce the correct antibodies to prevent the viral infection with Covid 19 taking hold.

It seems if the results are positive, the UK will go ahead and risk injecting a million people with the vaccine.

A retired 100 year old WW II vet has been galvanizing the nation. Capt. Tom Moore walked 100 laps of his long driveway the week before he turned 100 and raised over 30 million pounds. A Hurricane and Spitfire did a fly past for him, including the victory roll.

You can see the whole display here. Unfortunately there is not sound with this one.

 

[Mikado463]

saw the Tom Moore story over the weekend, truly uplifting !

 

[Swerd]

Do you mean to say that Oxford Group's recombinant adenovirus contains the DNA sequence of
the spike (S) protein from SARS-CoV-2
- or -
a human antibody directed against the S protein

Well it would be the latter. The trick is to make the human cells make neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Lets all hope it works. Hopefully by early next month we will have crucial information, on whether this novel vaccine can produce the correct antibodies to prevent the viral infection with Covid 19 taking hold.

If it's the latter, adenovirus containing the DNA sequence for a human antibody. then my understanding of the Oxford Group's vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) is incorrect. So are a number of news reports:

Quoted from Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News:

AstraZeneca Joins U. of Oxford and Spinout to Develop COVID-19 Vaccine

AstraZeneca will oversee global development, manufacturing, and distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate that was created by researchers at University of Oxford, and is now being studied in a human clinical trial launched last week.

www.genengnews.com

"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 uses a viral vector based on a weakened version of the adenovirus containing the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. After vaccination, the surface spike protein is produced, which primes the immune system to attack COVID-19 if it later infects the body. The recombinant adenovirus vector (ChAdOx1) is designed to generate a strong immune response from a single dose and to not replicate, in order to preclude causing an ongoing infection in the vaccinated individual."​

Here is another news report from Trial Site News:

University of Oxford Commences Clinical Trial for Vaccine Candidate (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Targeting COVID-19

University of Oxford investigators have initiated enrollment of healthy participants in a trial testing the COVID-19 vaccine candidate called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Originally developed to target MERS, it is based on an adenovirus vaccine vector and the COVID-19 spike protein. It is currently being...

www.trialsitenews.com

"University of Oxford investigators have initiated enrollment of healthy participants in a trial testing the COVID-19 vaccine candidate called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Originally developed to target MERS, it is based on an adenovirus vaccine vector and the COVID-19 spike protein."​

The Clinical Trial for this vaccine, NCT04324606, is described at Clinical Trials.gov.

ClinicalTrials.gov

clinicaltrials.gov

The vaccine will be given intramuscularly (IM). If so, the coded sequence will be expressed for a while, but lasting immunity is less likely to happen.

The central issue is whether better results come with antibody-based immunity or with both T cell-based immunity plus antibody-based immunity. If the Oxford vaccine contains DNA code for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein then both types of immunity are possible. But if the Oxford vaccine codes for a neutralizing human antibody directed against the S protein, then no T cell-based immunity is possible. This is widely understood to be much less desirable.

I don't believe the Oxford Group is going about doing this all wrong. But I wonder which is correct, that the Ad-5 vector contains SARS-CoV-2 S protein sequence, or that the vector contains sequence for human antibody directed against S protein.

Do you have a link that directly answers this question? A scientific report or review would be better than a news article.

 

[Verdinut]

This book predicted 2020 coronavirus outbreak 12 years ago. Trending now

Sylvia Browne Book: A book predicted 2020 coronavirus outbreak 12 years ago.

www.indiatoday.in

 

[mtrycrafts]

This book predicted 2020 coronavirus outbreak 12 years ago. Trending now

Sylvia Browne Book: A book predicted 2020 coronavirus outbreak 12 years ago.

www.indiatoday.in

Well, knowing her history, Sylvia, Just a lucky general guess, one out of way too many failures. But, she just didn't predict this pandemic she also stated it's quick disappearance and reappearance in 10 years then totally be gone. So, stick around for 10 years to get the answer of her failure.

 

[Verdinut]

Well, knowing her history, Sylvia, Just a lucky general guess, one out of way too many failures. But, she just didn't predict this pandemic she also stated it's quick disappearance and reappearance in 10 years then totally be gone. So, stick around for 10 years to get the answer of her failure.

She may be right, who knows? Some people really see. I'm looking forward to seeing in 10 years from now or so if she was right.
Let's hope that she is right about the disappearance of this bloody virus for 10 years anyway. We would then have 10 years to relax and for people who haven't met a partner, closeness and love.

 

[mtrycrafts]

Perhaps another way of knowing ones ability for a natural disposition to this covid?

Your genes could determine whether coronavirus puts you in the hospital — and we’re starting to unravel which ones matter

Differences in HLA genes may be a significant reason for huge differences in infections.

www.marketwatch.com

 

[mtrycrafts]

She may be right, who knows? Some people really see. I

Too bad she didn't try for that $1 mil Randi prize. And, this could be her 1st but the odds are against her.
As to those who can also didn't try. Evidence for this "seeing" is just not there. Even the CIA had years of testing for remote viewing. Garbage.

 

[TLS Guy]

If it's the latter, adenovirus containing the DNA sequence for a human antibody. then my understanding of the Oxford Group's vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) is incorrect. So are a number of news reports:

Quoted from Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News:

AstraZeneca Joins U. of Oxford and Spinout to Develop COVID-19 Vaccine

AstraZeneca will oversee global development, manufacturing, and distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate that was created by researchers at University of Oxford, and is now being studied in a human clinical trial launched last week.

www.genengnews.com

"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 uses a viral vector based on a weakened version of the adenovirus containing the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. After vaccination, the surface spike protein is produced, which primes the immune system to attack COVID-19 if it later infects the body. The recombinant adenovirus vector (ChAdOx1) is designed to generate a strong immune response from a single dose and to not replicate, in order to preclude causing an ongoing infection in the vaccinated individual."​

Here is another news report from Trial Site News:

University of Oxford Commences Clinical Trial for Vaccine Candidate (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Targeting COVID-19

University of Oxford investigators have initiated enrollment of healthy participants in a trial testing the COVID-19 vaccine candidate called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Originally developed to target MERS, it is based on an adenovirus vaccine vector and the COVID-19 spike protein. It is currently being...

www.trialsitenews.com

"University of Oxford investigators have initiated enrollment of healthy participants in a trial testing the COVID-19 vaccine candidate called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Originally developed to target MERS, it is based on an adenovirus vaccine vector and the COVID-19 spike protein."​

The Clinical Trial for this vaccine, NCT04324606, is described at Clinical Trials.gov.

ClinicalTrials.gov

clinicaltrials.gov

The vaccine will be given intramuscularly (IM). If so, the coded sequence will be expressed for a while, but lasting immunity is less likely to happen.

The central issue is whether better results come with antibody-based immunity or with both T cell-based immunity plus antibody-based immunity. If the Oxford vaccine contains DNA code for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein then both types of immunity are possible. But if the Oxford vaccine codes for a neutralizing human antibody directed against the S protein, then no T cell-based immunity is possible. This is widely understood to be much less desirable.

I don't believe the Oxford Group is going about doing this all wrong. But I wonder which is correct, that the Ad-5 vector contains SARS-CoV-2 S protein sequence, or that the vector contains sequence for human antibody directed against S protein.

Do you have a link that directly answers this question? A scientific report or review would be better than a news article.

Not much definitive information has come from Oxford. But I suspect you are correct that it encodes for the spike protein.

After looking at a lot of papers, this is probably the mechanism they are proposing.

How DNA Vaccines Work
Immunizing the host with a piece of viral DNA rather than an antigenic protein fragment of the virus, helps to stimulate the generation of cell-mediated immunity (Fig. 2). DNA vaccines contain the nucleotides encoding an antigenic portion of the virus such as the viral core region or envelope region. The DNA is taken up into the host cell, translated, and the protein product expressed. Viral protein is made intracellularly and the protein is processed via the endogenous MHC class I pathway.

DNA vaccines. DNA vaccines favor a cell-mediated immune response. DNA plasmid vector vaccines carry the genetic information encoding an antigen, allowing the antigen to be produced inside of a host cell, leading to a cell-mediated immune response via the MHC I pathway. The plasmid DNA vaccine (above) carries the genetic code for a piece of pathogen or tumor antigen. The plasmid vector is taken up into cells and transcribed in the nucleus (1). The single stranded mRNA (2) is translated into protein in the cytoplasm. The DNA vaccine-derived protein antigen (3) is then degraded by proteosomes into intracellular peptides (4). The vaccine derived-peptide binds MHC class I molecules (5). Peptide antigen/MHC I complexes are presented on the cell surface (6), binding cytotoxic CD 8+ lymphocytes, and inducing a cell-mediated immune response. Because DNA vaccines generate cell-mediated immunity, the hope is that they will be effective against some difficult viruses even as standard vaccines have failed to work.

More specifically, the plasmid DNA vaccine carries the genetic code for a segment of pathogen or tumor antigen. The plasmid vector is taken up into cells and transcribed in the nucleus. The single stranded mRNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm. The DNA vaccine-derived protein antigen is then degraded by proteosomes into intracellular peptides. The vaccine-derived peptide binds MHC class I molecules. Peptide antigen/MHC I complexes are presented on the cell surface where they bind cytotoxic CD 8+ lymphocytes and induce a cell-mediated immune response. Because DNA vaccines generate cell- mediated immunity, the hope is that they will be effective against some difficult viruses -- even when standard vaccines have failed to work.
DNA vaccines may have significant advantages over standard vaccines. They can express antigenic epitopes which more closely resemble native viral epitopes and could therefore be more effective. With live attenuated vaccines and killed vaccines the manufacturing process can alter the secondary and tertiary structure of the proteins and therefore the antigenicity of the vaccine; with naked DNA vaccines the host cell is manufacturing the viral epitope. DNA vaccines would be safer than live virus vaccines, especially in immunocompromised patients, such as those infected with HIV.[12]DNA vaccines may be constructed to include genes against several different pathogens, thus decreasing the number of vaccinations necessary to fully immunize children. Construction and manufacture of DNA vaccines would be simple. Finally DNA vaccines may hold promise in treating those already infected with chronic viral infections (ie, HCV, HIV or HSV).[13]

• 1 Read Comment

1 ... 7 8 9... 12

Next Section

• Abstract and Introduction
• DNA Vaccines Result in MHC Class I Presentation and Cell-Mediated Immunity
• DNA Delivery Methods -- What is Naked DNA?
• DNA Vaccine for Influenza
• How DNA Vaccines Differ from Recombinant DNA Vaccines
• How DNA Vaccines Differ From Traditional Vaccines
• MHC Class I and MHC Class II Antigen Processing Pathways
• How DNA Vaccines Work
• Problems with DNA Vaccines
• Other Uses of DNA Vaccines
• DNA Vaccines as a Therapeutic Modality for Patients Who are Already Infected
• Conclusion
• References

However we know that the Oxford group are using a monkey adenovirus (common cold) vector. That much they have divulged about this vaccine.

 

[Kingnoob]

Maybe the man who created the first spider goats made covid virus ??goat invasion

Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk

 

[Swerd]

Not much definitive information has come from Oxford. But I suspect you are correct that it encodes for the spike protein.

This morning, I found 4 scientific papers, on the vaccines made using an adenovirus vector, developed against MERS, a coronavirus similar to SARS-CoV-2. All were published by Sarah Gilbert, among others.

The first paper describes the adenovirus vector itself, which became their standard DNA vaccine vector. The other 3 papers clearly say that the vaccine's adenovirus vector contained DNA coding for the full spike (S) protein from the MERS virus. I could not find a paper describing the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in detail, but I think it's safe to assume their methods followed those published for the MERS virus. They put the DNA sequence for the SARS-CoV-2 virus S protein into their adenovirus vector, as they previously had done with the MERS S protein.

If I quote text below, it appeared in the introduction sections of these papers.

PLOS One 2012

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040385&type=printable

This paper describes and characterizes the Oxford Group's original adenovirus vector.

Vaccine, 2017

ChAdOx1 and MVA based vaccine candidates against MERS-CoV elicit neutralising antibodies and cellular immune responses in mice

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has infected more than 1900 humans, since 2012. The syndrome ranges from asymptomatic and …

reader.elsevier.com

"Here, we report development of MERS-CoV vaccine candidates that are based on two different viralvectors: Chimpanzee Adenovirus, Oxford University #1 (ChAdOx1) and Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Each viral vector was developed by generating two alternative versions, resulting in four vaccine candidates that all encode the same complete MERS-CoV spike gene (S)."​

Nature, 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-52730-4.pdf

"The trimeric spike (S) glycoprotein is the main target of most experimental MERS-CoV vaccines as it plays an integral role in viral entry and fusion with target cells. It consists of a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-containing S1 subunit that binds to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) on target cells, and a S2 subunit which contains the fusion peptide involved in viral fusion with target cells. Several vaccine candidates have been developed and tested in multiple animal models including mice, rabbits, non-human primates and dromedaries (reviewed in 22–24). While many of these vaccines were designed based on full-length S protein, some others were targeting the S1 subunit or the RBD of the protein to focus the immune response on the critical neutralising epitopes to induce nAbs. Nonetheless, non-neutralising antibodies (Abs) could also aid in protection against MERS-CoV by inhibiting essential steps in viral replication such as virus-target cell fusion. Furthermore, it has been shown that nAbs alone could not confer sterilising immunity but could provide partial protection in camels probably due to several factors including waning of nAbs and genetic change of viral lineage. Thus, developing a camel vaccine based on full-length S protein could potentially elicit more robust antibody and T cell response compared to shorter targets. We have developed a chimpanzee adenoviral vector based vaccine for MERS-CoV (ChAdOx1 MERS) that has now been tested in mouse models for immunogenicity and efficacy, demonstrating 100% efficacy after a single dose. ChAdOx1 MERS was generated by inserting the full length of the spike gene, from a MERS-CoV isolate (Genbank accession number: KJ650098.1), into the genome of the replication deficient ChAdOx1 vector as described previously."​

Science, 2020

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/early/2020/04/30/sciadv.aba8399.full.pdf

"We recently demonstrated that vaccination of mice with a replication-deficient simian adenovirus vaccine vector (ChA-dOx1) encoding full-length MERS-CoV S protein (ChAdOx1 MERS) elicited high-titer MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies and a robust CD8+ T cell response against the S protein."​

 

[Mikado463]

Is Dr Fausti a fraud ??

 

[Swerd]

Is Dr Fausti a fraud ??

Or is Judy Mikovits a fraud? You'll have to do better than a questionable Youtube video to present your case.

I never heard of her before, but I looked her up. Her past is strewn with controversy. See this

Judy Mikovits - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[Mikado463]

Or is Judy Mikovits a fraud? You'll have to do better than a questionable Youtube video to present your case.

I never heard of her before, but I looked her up. Her past is strewn with controversy. See this

Judy Mikovits - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

I wasn't presenting a 'case', raised a question to which I posted a video. Now if you want to debunk it, fine, you're the expert !

 

[Mr._Clark]

Apparently Llamas are getting into the spike-binding antibody game:

>>>Winter is a 4-year-old chocolate-colored llama with spindly legs, ever-so-slightly askew ears and envy-inducing eyelashes. Some scientists hope she might be an important figure in the fight against the novel coronavirus.

She is not a superpowered camelid. Winter was simply the lucky llama chosen by researchers in Belgium, where she lives, to participate in a series of virus studies involving both SARS and MERS. Finding that her antibodies staved off those infections, the scientists posited that those same antibodies could also neutralize the new virus that causes Covid-19. They were right, and published their results Tuesday in the journal Cell. . .
They immediately realized that the smaller llama antibodies “that could neutralize SARS would very likely also recognize the Covid-19 virus,” Dr. Saelens said.

It did, the researchers found, effectively inhibiting the coronavirus in cell cultures.<<<

Hoping Llamas Will Become Coronavirus Heroes (Published 2020)

Antibodies from Winter, a 4-year-old llama with great eyelashes, have neutralized coronavirus and other infections in lab experiments.

www.nytimes.com

>>>SUMMARY Coronaviruses make use of a large envelope protein called spike (S) to engage host cell receptors and cata-lyze membrane fusion. Because of the vital role that these S proteins play, they represent a vulnerable target for the development of therapeutics. Here, we describe the isolation of single-domain antibodies (VHHs) from a llama immunized with prefusion-stabilized coronavirus spikes. These VHHs neutralize MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1 S pseudotyped viruses, respectively. Crystal structures of these VHHs bound to their respective viral targets reveal two distinct epitopes, but both VHHs interfere with receptor binding. We also show cross-reac-tivity between the SARS-CoV-1 S-directed VHH and SARS-CoV-2 S and demonstrate that this cross-reactiveVHH neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses as a bivalent human IgG Fc-fusion. These data provide a molecular basis for the neutralization of pathogenic betacoronaviruses by VHHs and suggest that these molecules may serve as useful therapeutics during coronavirus outbreaks.<<<

https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(20)30494-3.pdf?_returnURL=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867420304943?showall=true

Call me old fashioned, but I'm not entirely comfortable with the idea of having Llama antibodies put into my body. On the other hand, I'm even less comfortable with the idea of getting sick and possibly dying, so bring on the Llama antibodies!

 

[mtrycrafts]

This book predicted 2020 coronavirus outbreak 12 years ago. Trending now

Sylvia Browne Book: A book predicted 2020 coronavirus outbreak 12 years ago.

www.indiatoday.in

I lucked out on further readings.
Firstly, that "around 2020" is a pretty broad time period, don't you think? So, it could fit many years. Not a good prediction.
The virus is not "a severe pneumonia-like illness"
nor does it "resist all known treatments" does it?
When will it suddenly vanish? Is that open ended as it hasn't happened yet? It is still around.

So, if it comes back with a vengeance in the winter, I guess that will blow away the reappearance in 10 years.
Yes, she is not around anymore, she was convicted of a felony, and her record of predictions abysmal to say the least.