Because it is cheaper. Once you get past the entry level, turntables have RCA jacks like you would expect.
Actually it has to do with cable capacitance.
Unfortunately every cartridge has an optimal load capacitance. There is quite a range between 25 and 100pf. The scatter has a mean around 50 pf. Most good manufacturers try and get the capacitance of their cables to 25 to 50pf.
However, getting the load capacitance correct for a given cartridge is one of the best improvements you can make to LP sound. An awful lot of the difference in the sound of cartridges is due to this issue alone.
Most good cartridge manufacturers specify the optimal load capacitance. Unfortunately not many turntable manufacturers specify the capacitance of their turntables, nor do many preamp or receiver manufacturers specify the input capacitance of their units.
Fortunately for me SME specify the capacitance of their pickup arm interconnects precisely. They also come with big enough RCA plugs to solder small caps inside the plugs to get the loading correct. They all come with a small cap anyway. Quad specify the input capacitance, so by putting in the correct cap, you get it exactly right. My Quad 44 has a row of little dip switches in the top of the case, that allows you to precisely set the input capacitance of the phone stage to get it just right.
If this matter is left to chance, I can guarantee that the playback curve of your turntable will not be flat.