The only difference between all of them is the capacity. You can store twice as much data on a dual layer disc, thanks to the two layers. Dual layer discs may be identified as RSDL (reverse spiral, dual layer), not just DVD-9 or DVD-18. DVD-5 probably won't have any indication at all, would be my guess. DVD-18 means it is DVD-9 on both sides.
What does it mean to the consumer? Not sure really, except that a single sided, dual layer disc means you don't need two discs nor do you need to "flip" the disc to watch a movie that is longer than what could be stored on a single layer disc with the audio and video data rates used. I don't see many "flipper" dual sided discs these days.