The only difference between all of them is the capacity.  You can store twice as much data on a dual layer disc, thanks to the two layers.  Dual layer discs may be identified as RSDL (reverse spiral, dual layer), not just DVD-9 or DVD-18.  DVD-5 probably won't have any indication at all, would be my guess.  DVD-18 means it is DVD-9 on both sides.
What does it mean to the consumer?   Not sure really, except that a single sided, dual layer disc means you don't need two discs nor do you need to "flip" the disc to watch a movie that is longer than what could be stored on a single layer disc with the audio and video data rates used.  I don't see many "flipper" dual sided discs these days.