You probably could do what you are asking... but, the tiny little line amplifier inside your laptop is designed to drive the tiny speakers inside a set of headphones. It wouldn't really do anything if you hooked the speakers up directly.
However, you could still make use of those speakers. You just need a way to amplify the signal going to the speakers. I am sure there are plenty of good recommendations elsewhere in the Forums section regarding a quality 2 channel amplifier. But, the point is that you need some sort of a stereo receiver/amplifier.
Once you have that, you should be able to run a cord from your headphone/Line outlet on your laptop to one of the inputs on the receiver/amplifier. Once you do that, you will be able to listen to your music from your laptop on the speakers already installed. Unfortunately, your laptop will be tied to the amplifier with a cord...so, if you use your laptop in different areas of your apartment, this may be a bit restrictive.
In my personal opinion, a couple of ceiling mounted speakers probably aren't going provide you with any kind of really great stereo sound. So, you might be able to save yourself some money and just buy a nice set of portable/computer speakers. A good set of these will provide good sound at a reasonable price.
If you are really looking for a way to make use of the media that is on your laptop and you are still convinced you would like to use the Bose speakers in your ceiling, you may have another option. If you have a wireless network in your apartment, you can use a wireless media server. I have been using a D-Link DSM-320 for the past year or so and I am extremely happy with it.
This option will allow you send media/songs/video from your laptop or other computer on the network wirelessly to your stereo. Therefore your laptop can be in one room while it sends music to the stereo in another room.
I hope this helps,
Ross