ok so things can be replaced but how long before this replacing is necessary... approx 10 years or so? In general - assuming it's a high end speaker.
It all depends on the specific details. The speaker that I replaced capacitors in was made sometime around 1970. I replaced the capacitors in the early 1990's. Later, I sold them to a friend, so I no longer have them. I have had other speakers that old more recently with original parts and they did not need the capacitors replaced. But I have sold them, and now don't own any speakers older than the mid 1970's.
With the surrounds (mostly on woofers), foam surrounds from the 1970's to the early 1990's (at least) often deteriorated after 10-15 years. How long it takes depends on temperature, humidity, and so forth, that the speaker has been exposed to. Supposedly, some of the newer foam surrounds have been specially treated such that they will last indefinitely.
Rubber surrounds and cloth "accordion" surrounds can last indefinitely.
(As an aside, if the speaker is a good one, replacing the foam on the woofers is the best option, as switching out woofers will likely adversely affect the sound, as the crossover was designed for the original woofer, and the cabinet size and porting [if any] were designed with that specific model of woofer in mind.)
In general, if you do not abuse a speaker, nothing should have to be replaced for
at least 10 years. Often, it can be much longer than that, and in some cases, it can last a lifetime for you. My oldest speakers, that I currently own, that have not needed anything done to them, are about 30 years old, but that is not at all a record or special case. (And in this case, I am the original owner, so I know absolutely that nothing has had to be done to them.) I have one pair of speakers that are older, that were my father's, and they have had the foam surrounds on the woofers replaced. Having done that, they sound fine.