Hi the room is in fact 12x13, I'll make sure to keep in mind if the speaker is rear-ported or not.
as far tube amplifiers, I also play guitar and I own a fender hot rod deluxe, which is a tube amplifer. At least in the guitar amplication world, tube vs. solid state is really no debate since the sound is drastically different
You have to realize, when you're using a tube amp to MAKE music, it's because you want it to sound a certain way to the person hearing it. When you use a tube to reproduce music, you've likely altered the recording.
Think of a tube as +1
So a performance is A
A recording with a tube amp is A+1
The recording with SS amp is A
If you want to hear the recording, you want to hear A+1 or A depending on what the performer has in mind.
But playing back the recording with the tube amp is
A+1+1 = A+2
or
A+1 = A+1
neither of hwich is going to be the same as what was original recorded...so you've gone away from the original recording by adding to the signal. Do you want this? I personally want to get closer to the original recording.
3.) Budget is $2500 total, but that won't include accessories like cables. I was thinking $2500 would encompass speakers, amp, (pre-amp? still not sure why this is necessary, and someone suggested a DAC?).
A pre-amp is necessary with analog gear like turntables because they do not produce the voltage needed to drive amps. If you don't want to bother with vinyl then you don't need a phono pre-amp, although you would of course want some sort of volume control.
An amp is of course necessary to drive speakers. As a general rule you want amps that can deal with complex loads well, but if you select your speakers carefully, you might be find with a less expensive amp. Whether you need an amp depends on whether your speakers will need a superior amp.
DACs are necessary to turn digital music into analog music. half decent CD players have quality DACs built right in
Personally, I think surround electronics are the way to go, even for stereo. That means a surround receiver, or perhaps a surround processor and dedicated amps. As a general rule though, just avoid spending too much on electronics. Spend more where the performance is at - speakers. If you get great speakers that don't force you into higher end amps, then even a 200 dollar receiver might cut it.
4.) I'd use my computer in the meantime to play music because I read some of the higher end CD players are quite costly.
And overpriced, considering they do the same damn thing for the most part.
So what speakers do I recommend?
A pair of these:
http://www.audiokinesis.com/product_ak_rhythm-prism.html
and add on any decent integrated amp or receiver. Those speakers are super easy to drive even with modest electronics, and should sound pretty good based on their design. Of course like anything, you would want an audition and I would contact the company for audition information.
IN such a small room, the directive nature of those speakers will keep you from needing "over-treatments"