A digital cable box has NTSC, ATSC, and QAM tuners so it can tune and decode standard def analog channels (NTSC), high def digital channels (ATSC), and standard def digital channels (QAM).
The cable box (aka 'set top box') also provides features like the interactive program guide and OnDemand/Pay-Per-View ordering. A cable box or CableCard is required to receive channels which are encrypted such as movie channels like HBO, Cinemax, etc.