After reviewing all this, the problem has to be in the record player. The guy in the audio shop is wrong. You do not need a phono preamp.
It is clear to me that the line out of your turntable is not working properly, and is only outputting an extremely low voltage signal.
Now a phono preamp will provide extra amplification, but it also correcting for the RIAA curve. So you are correcting it twice. That is why it does not sound right.
Having looked at that turntable now, it looks highly suspect. My verdict is that, that turntable is basically junk. I would not trust it further than I could fling it.
If you want to enjoy LPs. then get a basic turntable. You now have a phone preamp, so I would get a turntable with no electronics. That way the cartridge will be directly connected to the phono preamp, and the phono preamp then connected to a line input on your Marantz. Then you can enjoy your LPs and life will be bliss.