What is the maximum crossovers that the receiver allow you to set for your 5 speakers? One last attempt to prove something is to set them all to maximum, say 180 Hz if that is the maximum allowed. That is just to prove that the lack of bass from the subwoofer is not due to cancellation between the L/R and the sub. I know you tried 0 and 180, but I assume that sub does not allow you to set angles in between.
Again, I agree your Sony sub is not very good, but I have heard even weaker 10" subs that do very well relative to the kind of L/R speakers you have. So I still think there is something wrong in the receiver end.
You can also try resetting the receiver to factory default condition in case something happened to the bass management circuit such that it is not redirecting the low frequencies even when the speakers are set to small.