Nick, if you put a volume dial in the system (including if you use three of them, one on each 3.5mm stereo jack), it will still be 5.1 sound. You'd just be adjusting the signal level that your speakers see.
However, that just seems like a large pain to adjust three dials each time that you want to turn the volume up or down.
Btw, if you do go that route, look for cheaper versions - Monoprice has some for about $2.
Before spending any money on a fix like that, I have a suggestion - look for an inexpensive 5.1 receiver, including a used one. Look for one with an optical audio input (obviously
), and maybe even pre-amp outputs. You can connect those speakers up to a receiver, but it looks like you'd have to modify the connectors (or just cut them off). If you got a receiver with pre-amp outputs (which are RCA outputs for each speaker channel), then you could hook up your speaker system like you're used to doing, except that you'd be controlling the volume with a receiver...and hopefully with a remote control. Finding a DAC with a volume control is possible but probably much more expensive than just getting a low-end receiver because there just aren't that many of them out there (that I know of), but there are millions of receivers.
For your specified needs, you don't need HDMI or any of that, so a receiver from the 90's would work for you. However, you might just want to get an inexpensive newer receiver with more options in case you want to connect up more things (maybe with HDMI). Just a thought.