Welcome to the forum, Josh!
The ".1" and ".2" refer to the number of subs that you can connect directly to the receiver. Most ".2" receivers that I've seen send the same signal to both subwoofer jacks, so it's really no difference than buying a receiver with one subwoofer output and connecting a ~$2 RCA y-splitter to it. Seriously. There's no reason to make that a deciding point on a receiver. If you were asking what is the difference in general between 5.1 and 5.2, the answer is a 5.1 system has one subwoofer and a 5.2 system has two subwoofers. As to if you'll notice a difference, that's all about which subs you get and how well you set them up.
For a record player, I also wouldn't make a phono input a deciding factor. You can buy external phone pre-amps for about $20. You do NOT want to directly connect a record player to a normal analog input on a receiver unless the record player has a built-in pre-amp (and a number of them do these days) because it will (a) sound very quiet and (b) not have the correct equalization.