Thank you guys very much for the quick and helpful replies! I'll try to use deoxit to clean the internals before deciding on what kind of receiver/amplifier to purchase.
Concerning the receivers you suggested KenM10759, they unfortunately seem to lack support for devices which use the Phono port like my turntable.
I've been looking around at the options, and there seems to be a lot of difference between 2.1 stereo or 5.1 surround devices. I'm way more interested in good quality sound and not so much a cool Michael Bay movie experience, so I am not sure which is the way to go.
The Onkyo TX-SR333 is not available for purchase in my region (Netherlands), but the Onkyo TX-SR343 receiver is. There is also the Onkyo TX-8020 2.1 stereo amplifier. My budget is approx. 300 euros, or 340 dollars. There is such a wide array of choices that as a complete newbie it's kind of a tough choice to make. I do not really care much for most of the modern enhancements like bluetooth and usb-ports (being raised by grandparents might be the cause).
What it boils down to is the question what might be the best possible purchase close to my budget. I'm not expecting the best possible device that will last me a lifetime at the moment, just something close or better than the Realistic STA-2250. If it helps, I listen to a lot of classical music.