Welcome to the forum. I wouldn't consider myself an audiophile either, but let's see if I can help you with a few of your questions.
A lot of recommendations get made for Amazon and Accessories for Less for budget receivers.
http://www.accessories4less.com/ If you don't want to go with surround there are 2 channel receivers available.
You don't need separates for cd and blu-ray. I play my cd's through my Panasonic BDP and the sound is fine. There are some issues with using a Blu-Ray for CD playback that I find annoying, such as slow load times. Sound quality tho seems to be unaffected.
A single HDMI out is all that is needed to a receiver for the Blu-Ray. The receiver will process the signal and output to your display for video, and your speakers for the audio.
As far as speakers, I own the Ascend Sierra Towers RAAL. There are people on this forum who have heard many more speaker brands than I have, but I auditioned quite a few of the usual suspects when I was looking. Paradigm, Klipsch, Def Tech, Pioneer, Revel, Bose....etc. I made the order for Ascend, unheard, due to recommendations from people on this forum and have never been happier with a set of speakers. In short, I think Ascend makes a great product and you would be happy with any of their offerings. Don't be afraid to call Ascend with any questions you may have.
For a sub, look at SVS. Their SB1000 is in line with your budget.
Beyond that, some more specifics such as room size, music tastes, desired volume levels are helpful in making recommendations.