There are any number of regulatations, but they are not specific across all formats.
HDTV (cable/satellite/fios) - All resolutions up to 1080i are supported over component video connection. This includes 480i, 480p, 720p, and 1080i.
Blu-ray Disc - Resolutions up to 1080i are supported over component video. Similar to cable, this includes 480i, 480p, 720p, and 1080i. The native format on most Blu-ray Disc titles is at 1080p, and this is not ALLOWED to be sent over component video, only HDMI.
DVD - 480i and 480p are the only permitted resolutions that can be sent over component video. VGA can support higher resolutions legally, and HDMI can support any resolution. This is almost a stupid regulation as DVD is native 480i on the discs and it is so incredibly easy to copy discs if someone wants to.
Other: I am not familiar with the download options out there, but my AppleTV does not have issues delivering HD over component video.
The future: There is a possibility that Blu-ray Discs will use a copyright flag on discs which prevents the output of video over component video above 540p resolution native. Not sure why it's that resolution, but to date, there are no discs that I'm aware of which have enacted this flag.