Stewart,
Welcome to the forum!
The basic gist of it is this - the audio signal needs to be amplified at some point. The RCA jacks on equipment have a low-level (or "line-level") signal that can't power a speaker. You can buy active speakers (they have the amps built in), and those would need to be plugged into an electrical outlet. Most speakers are passive (not amplified), so you need to amplify the signal before sending it to the speakers. That would be accomplished by the receiver or a separate amp. If you use an amp, you'll want a way to control the volume. "Integrated" amps have a volume control built-in.
So, if you have passive speakers, you can't just connect them to the RCA jacks on the cable box. If you have active speakers, then you could do that.
Adam