I've seen high-end speakers that look like that - B&W 801's, KEF 105's etc. I certainly don't know much about speakers, but perhaps it could be to reduce colouration of the mid/high-end. By having the tweeter and mid-range driver in smaller cabinets, more suited to their frequency range, this maybe helps to reduce colouration. It could also help in terms of dispersivity, because the tweeter and mid-range are not cluttered up by the large bass driver cabinet.
As to why floorstanders don't have this design, it could simply be an issue of cost. It costs more to have three high-quality cabinets rather than one big cabinet.